Research progress on chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Glechomae Herba and prediction of its Q-markers / 中国中药杂志

Glechomae Herba, the dried aerial part of Glechoma longituba(Labiatae), has the effects of promoting urination, draining dampness, and relieving stranguria. It has received wide attention in recent years owing to the satisfactory efficacy on lithiasis. Amid the in-depth chemical and pharmacological research, it has been found that Glechomae Herba has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antithrombotic, hepatoprotective, cholagogic, antitumor, hypoglycemic, and lipid-lowering effects. The main chemical constituents are volatile oils, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, and organic acids. This paper summarized the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Glechomae Herba. Based on genetic relationship of plants, the characteristics, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of the chemical constituents, and the potential of these constituents as quality markers(Q-markers), it was summed up that ursolic acid, caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, luteolin-7-O-diglucuronide, apigenin, apigenin-7-O-diglucuronide, apigetrin, and glechone can be the candidate Q-markers of Glechomae Herba.

Potential of Tetradenia riparia leaf essential oil and its fractions in controlling Aedes aegypti and Rhipicephalus microplus larvae

Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd (Lamiaceae) is a shrub, commonly known as ginger bush or false myrrh, and several studies have shown that T. riparia exhibits a variety of biological properties. This study aimed to determine the chemical composition of T. riparia essential oil and its fractions, investigate their anticholinesterase activity, and assess their larvicidal activity against the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus and the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Eleven essential oil fractions were obtained by fractionation and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Larvicidal activity against R. microplus and third-instar A. aegypti was assessed using a larval packet test and a larval immersion test, respectively. Anticholinesterase activity was determined by a bioautographic method. Forty-nine compounds were identified in the essential oil, of which the major classes were oxygenated sesquiterpenes (45.95%) and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (35.20%) and the major components were isospathulenol (17.40%), ß-caryophyllene (15.61%), 14-hydroxy-9-epi-caryophyllene (10.07%), 14-hydroxy-α-muurolene (8.32%), and 9ß,13ß-epoxy-7-abietene (5.53%). Bioassays showed that T. riparia essential oil (LC50 = 1.56 µg/mL) and FR3 (LC50 = 0.30 µg/mL) were the most active against R. microplus and A. aegypti larvae, respectively. The essential oil and FR1, FR2, and FR3 exhibited acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. These results indicate that T. riparia essential oil and its fractions hold promise in the development of novel, environmentally safe agents for the control of R. microplus and A. aegypti larvae.

Estudo do potencial antiviral sobre o Sars-Cov-2 dos compostos identificados no extrato bruto das folhas de Tetradenia riparia / Study of antiviral potential on Sars-Cov-2 of compounds identified in Tetradenia riparia leaves crude extract / Estudio del potencial antiviral sobre el Sars-Cov-2 de los componentes identificados en el extracto crudo de las hojas de Tetradenia riparia

A COVID-19 surgiu de forma repentina, acometendo milhões de pessoas e causando muitas mortes no mundo todo. Diante disso, torna-se necessário a busca de substâncias bioativas com propriedades antivirais. No Brasil, a espécie Tetradenia riparia foi inserida como planta ornamental exótica, com aroma intenso e agradável, sendo cultivada em parques, jardins, residenciais e hortos. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar compostos presentes no extrato bruto das folhas de Tetradenia riparia com interesse antiviral. O extrato bruto das folhas secas foi obtido por maceração dinâmica por esgotamento do solvente e após, concentrado em evaporador rotativo. A composição química do extrato bruto foi analisada por cromatografia líquida de ultra eficiência acoplada à espectrometria de massas de alta resolução (UHPLC-ESI/qTOF). Foram identificados 31 compostos que foram investigados por meio de levantamento bibliográfico quanto ao seu potencial anti- SARS-CoV-2. Os compostos rosmanol, procianidina, cianidina, betulina, ácido betulínico e o ácido sagerínico, apresentaram potencial atividade antiviral sobre o SARS-CoV-2. Esta investigação é promissora, indicando possivelmente que no extrato bruto das folhas de T. ripária existem compostos que podem combater o SARS-CoV-2. Neste sentido, estudos de ancoramento molecular (docking) e análises in silico sobre a proteína Mpro do vírus devem ser realizadas corroborando desta forma a ação dos compostos identificados.

COVID-19 appeared suddenly, affecting millions of people and causing many deaths worldwide. Therefore, it is necessary to search for bioactive substances with antiviral properties. In Brazil, Tetradenia riparia was inserted as an exotic ornamental plant, with an intense and pleasant aroma, cultivated in parks, residential and vegetable gardens. This study aimed to identify compounds present in the crude extract of Tetradenia riparia leaves with antiviral interest. The crude extract of the dried leaves was obtained by dynamic maceration with solvent exhaustion and then concentrated in a rotary evaporator. The chemical composition of the crude extract was analyzed by ultra- performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC- ESI/qTOF). We identified 31 compounds investigated through a literature review for their anti- SARS-CoV-2 potential. The compounds rosmanol, procyanidin, cyanidin, betulin, betulinic acid, and sagerinic acid showed potential antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, this investigation is promising, possibly indicating that in the crude extract of T. riparia leaves, there are compounds that can fight SARS-CoV-2. In this sense, molecular docking studies and in silico analyzes on the virus Mpro protein must be carried out, thus corroborating the action of the identified compounds.

SARS-CoV-19 ha aparecido repentinamente, afectando a millones de personas y causando muchas muertes en todo el mundo. Por ello, se hace necesaria la búsqueda de sustancias bioactivas con propiedades antivirales. En Brasil, la especie Tetradenia riparia ha sido introducida como planta ornamental exótica, con un aroma intenso y agradable, siendo cultivada en parques, jardines, residencias y centros de jardinería. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los compuestos presentes en el extracto crudo de las hojas de Tetradenia riparia con interés antiviral. El extracto crudo de las hojas secas se obtuvo por maceración dinámica por agotamiento del disolvente y después, se concentró en el evaporador rotatorio. La composición química del extracto crudo se analizó mediante cromatografía líquida de ultra rendimiento acoplada a espectrometría de masas de alto rendimiento (UHPLC-ESI/qTOF). Se identificaron 31 compuestos y se investigó su potencial anti-SARS-CoV-2 mediante un estudio bibliográfico. Los compuestos rosmanol, procianidina, cianidina, betulina, ácido betulínico y ácido sagerínico, mostraron una potencial actividad antiviral sobre el SARS-CoV-2. Esta investigación es prometedora, pues posiblemente indica que en el extracto crudo de las hojas de T. riparia hay compuestos que pueden combatir el SARS-CoV-2. En este sentido, deben realizarse estudios de docking y análisis in silico sobre la proteína Mpro del virus para corroborar la acción de los compuestos identificados.

Variation in phenolic, antioxidant and vitamin amounts among some medicinal plants and investigation by PCA analysis: Lamiaceae family / Variación en las cantidades de fenoles, antioxidantes y vitaminas entre algunas plantas medicinales e investigación poranálisis PCA: familia Lamiaceae

Aromatic and medicinal plants are of great importance to determine the contents of the active compounds of plant origin and to evaluate them depending on variety and climate factors in order to determine the phenolic, antioxidant enzyme activity, vitamin contents in species belonging to the Lamiaceae family. Examination of the characteristics of different species, the highest peroxidase (POD) enzyme activity, ascorbate peroxidase (AxPOD), total antioxidant (TA), malondialdehyte (MDA), caffeic acids (CA), vitamin C contents,and chloric acid (ChA) were obtained in the M. longifoliaspecies. The highest vitamin E and catalase (CAT) were determined in the S. hortensisspecies but the highest total phenolic (TP), superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and chlorogenic acid (ChgA) were determined in the S. spicigeraspecies. As a result of PCA analysis, it can be said that Mentha longifolia(L.) Hudson and Satureja spicigeraspecies have significant value in terms of biochemical and phenolic content.

Las plantas aromáticas y medicinales son de gran importancia para determinar el contenido de los compuestos activos de origen vegetal y evaluarlos en función de la variedad y factores climáticos con el fin de determinar la actividad enzimática fenólica, antioxidante, contenido vitamínico en especies pertenecientes a la familia Lamiaceae. El examen de las características de diferentes especies, la mayor actividad enzimática de peroxidasa (POD), ascorbato peroxidasa (AxPOD), antioxidante total (TA), malondialdehído (MDA), ácidos cafeicos (CA), contenido de vitamina C y ácido clorhídrico (ChA) se obtuvieron en la especie M. longifolia. La mayor cantidad de vitamina E y catalasa (CAT) se determinó en la especie S. hortensis, pero la mayor cantidad total de enzima fenólica (TP), superóxido dismutasa (SOD), peróxido de hidrógeno (H2O2) y ácido clorogénico (ChgA) se determinó en la especie S. spicigera. Como resultado del análisis de PCA, se puede decir que las especies Mentha longifolia(L.) Hudson y Satureja spicigeratienen un valor significativo en términos de contenido bioquímico y fenólico.

Seed germination of Hesperozygis ringens (Benth. ) Epling, an endemic and threatened species

Hesperozygis ringens (Lamiaceae), popularly known as espanta-pulga, is a threatened species endemic to rocky and sandy regions of the Pampa biome. One factor that can influence the low number of individuals of a species is a low seed germination rate influenced by temperature and/or light. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of light and temperature on the seed germination of H. ringens. The seeds of two lots were sown on a paper substrate and maintained in BOD chambers at temperatures of 15, 20, 25 and 30ºC in the presence and absence of light. The germination speed rate was evaluated every 3 days for 21 days. The experiment was completely randomized with treatments that had a 4 x 2 factorial design. The first visible sign (protrusion of the primary root) of germination was observed seven days after sowing. Germination occurred both in the presence and absence of light and the lowest temperatures significantly influenced the germination process and germination speed. For germinating the species, 15°C was the most favorable temperature compared to 20, 25 and 30°C. It can be concluded that a temperature of 15ºC favors the germination process of H. ringens seeds, which are insensitive to light.(AU)

Conhecimento etnobotânico sobre plantas medicinais utilizadas por moradores de um município ribeirinho no interior do estado do Amazonas, Brasil / Ethnobotanical knowledge of medicinal plants used by residents of a riverside city in the Amazonas state, Brazil

Mesmo com a evolução do conhecimento científico, a utilização de plantas medicinais é uma das práticas mais antigas ainda realizadas pelo homem, especialmente pelos habitantes de comunidades e municípios do interior do Brasil, principalmente em regiões com baixos índices de desenvolvimento humano. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um estudo etnobotânico sobre as plantas medicinais utilizadas pelos moradores de um bairro localizado em um município ribeirinho do interior do estado do Amazonas. Participaram do estudo cem indivíduos, e os dados obtidos pela pesquisa foram compilados por meio de um formulário, contendo 14 questões (objetivas e discursivas). Os resultados demonstraram que 95% dos moradores faziam uso de plantas medicinais. Foram citadas 89 espécies, pertencentes a 48 famílias botânicas, com destaque para a Lamiaceae. As plantas mais citadas foram: Plectranthus barbatus (boldo) ­ 6,1%, Citrus sinensis (laranjeira) ­ 5,8% e Allium sativum (alho) ­ 4,7%. No entanto, quando analisado o índice de concordância (porcentagem de uso principal = CUP), a Citrus sinensis (laranjeira) apresentou um CUP de 80,9%, seguida por Plectranthus barbatus (boldo) e Disphania ambrosioides (mastruz), com 68,1% e 61,5%, respectivamente. Com relação ao modo de preparo, 61,1% citaram infusão, e as principais enfermidades tratadas foram as dores de estômago, com 13,1%. É importante enfatizar a necessidade de mais estudos acerca dos reais benefícios dessas ervas, a fim de que a divulgação de tais informações possa complementar o conhecimento empírico já difundido entre a população local. Dessa forma, será possível ampliar o conhecimento etnobotânico como um todo e, consequentemente, promover saúde e bem-estar.

Despite the evolution of scientific knowledge, the use of medicinal plants is one of the oldest practices still used by men and, especially by the inhabitants of communities and municipalities of the interior of Brazil, mainly in regions with low human development rates. The purpose of this work was to perform an ethnobotanical study on medicinal plants used by residents of a neighborhood located in a riverside city in the interior of the state of Amazonas. A total of 100 individuals participated in the study, with data being obtained through the use of a form containing 14 open and closed-ended questions. The results showed that 95% of the residents used medicinal plants. A total of 89 species, belonging to 48 botanical families were mentioned, with emphasis to Lamiaceae. The plants that were most frequently mentioned were Plectranthus barbatus (locally known as boldo) ­ 6.1%; Citrus sinensis (orange tree) ­ 5.8%; and Allium sativum (garlic) ­ 4.7%. However, when analyzing the agreement index (percentage of main use = CUP), Citrus sinensis (orange tree) presented a CUP of 80.9%, followed by Plectranthus barbatus (boldo) and Disphania ambrosioides (Mexican tea), with 68.1 and 61.5%, respectively. In relation to the method of preparation, 61.1% cited infusion, with the main disorder treated being stomachache, with 13.1%. It is important to emphasize the need for further studies on the actual benefits of these herbs so that the dissemination of the information can complement the already widespread empirical knowledge among the local population. Thus, it will be possible to expand the ethnobotanical knowledge as a whole and, consequently, promote health and well-being.

Phytochemical investigation on Vitex negundo leaves and their anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities

Abstract The phytochemical investigation on Vitex negundo leaves has led to the isolation of one new iridoid glucoside (8α-hydroxy-4-carboxyl-5ßH-9ßH-iridoid-1α-O-(6'-O-(6,7-dihydrofoliamenthonyl)-ß-ᴅ-glucopyranoside, 3), together with three known compounds, namely agnuside (1), 6'-O-E-caffeoylmussaenosidic acid (2), and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (4). The HPLC analytical study was also performed to quantify the content of agnuside (1) in dried leaves. The results indicated the very high content of 1 (3.04 ± 0.02%). The method was also validated by various parameters, including linearity (R2= 0.9999), precision (intra-day RSD ≤ 2.50%, inter-day RSD= 0.76%), and accuracy (recovery rates 96.58-101.86%). The animal testing data showed that the extract did not reduce pain at the doses of 9.6 and 28.8 g /kg (leaf weight/body weight) in the hot plates and pain measuring models but showed the pain reduction in the acetic acid-induced pain model. The extract at the dose of 5.6 g/kg (leaf weight/body weight) also had effects on the acute inflammation in the carrageenin-induced edema model. The extract at the dose 9.6 and 28.8 g/kg (leaf weight/body weight) also showed significant chronic anti-inflammation, comparable to methylprednisolone at the dose 10 mg/kg on the mouse peritoneal

Tetradenia riparia leaves, flower buds, and stem essential oils to control of Aedes aegypti larvae

Abstract Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd (Lamiaceae) is a species native to the African continent and used as an insect repellent. The objective of the study was to evaluate the larvicidal potential of essential oils (EOs) from the leaves, flower buds, and stem of T. riparia, collected in winter against Aedes aegypti larvae. The EOs were extracted by hydrodistillation (3 h) and identified by GC/MS. The EOs were tested against larvae of A. aegypti at concentrations ranging from 12500 to 1.5 µg/mL for 24 h. The insecticide activity was evaluated by probit analysis, and the anticholinesterase activity was determined by bioautographic method. The results of the class projection indicated sesquiterpenes as the majority class, corresponding to 60.66% (leaves), 64.70% (flower buds) and 83.99% (stem), and the bioassays on A. aegypti larvae indicated LC50 of 1590, 675 and 665 µg/mL, respectively. The anticholinesterase activity indicated that the EO of the leaves inhibited the enzyme at a concentration of 780 µg/mL, and those from the flower buds and stem inhibited up to 1560 µg/mL. The results indicated weak activity of essential oils against A. aegypti larvae.

The chemical composition and antibacterial activity of a methanolic extract of Satureja khuzistanica

Abstract In the present study, the metabolite profiling of methanolic extract from aerial parts of Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad, as an endemic medicinal plant from Iran, was evaluated using HPLC-PDA-ESI. Then, the main compound from the extract was isolated and purified by using extensive chromatographic techniques. In addition, the structure of the isolated compounds was elucidated using 1D, 2D NMR, and MS spectrometry, upon which 22 compounds were identified. The antibacterial activity of diosmetin 7-rutinoside (6) and linarin (13) in combination with carvacrol as a major compound of the essential oil was tested against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus through disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration methods. The results indicated that the linarin, when mixed with carvacrol as the main compounds in the essential oil of the plant, has a satisfactory activity against both Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus with MIC values of 0.16 and 0.18 µg/mL, respectively. Further, the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index indicated that this compound had synergism with carvacrol.

The study of the biological activities of Ziziphora clinopodioides

Abstract The aim of the current study was to determine the chemical constituents of essential oil and to study the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of essential oil and the extracts obtained from the raw material of Ziziphora wild growing in the floras of Armenia and Artsakh cultivated in the hydroponic conditions. The essential oils were obtained by the method of hydro-distillation. The determination of the essential oil constituents were performed by the GC-MS method. Agar disk diffusion method was used to study the antimicrobial activity of essential oils. The antioxidant activity determination was carried out DPPH test by the spectrophotometric method, at the same time IC50 was determined. The highest values of the essential oils yield (1.25 ± 0.01%) and IC50 13.83±0.218(x10-5)g/l) were received for the plant cultivated in hydroponic conditions. For the first time in the above studied samples, by the method of GC-MS more than 70 components were revealed. The results of the study showed that essential oils of Ziziphora exhibit antimicrobial activity and the extracts revealed relatively expressed antioxidant activity. The study results show the future prospects of the use of Ziziphora not only as the source of flavonoids and essential oils, but also antimicrobial and antioxidant agents.

Using Citronella to Protect Bees (honeybee Apis mellifera L. ) from certain Insecticides and Their Nano Formulations / Uso da citronela para proteger as abelhas (Apis mellifera L. ) de certos inseticidas e suas nanoformulações

Abstract Experiments were performed investigating citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt) as a repellent to honeybee Apis mellifera (L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Egypt, it was conducted in laboratory in the Department of Entomology and Pesticides Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, to check long-term survival of honeybee when exposed to different nano insecticides alone or combined with citronella at the same examination box for each. In this study, we used a modeling approach regarding survival data of caged worker bees under chronic exposure to four insecticides (Chloropyrophos, Nano-chloropyrophos Imidacloprid, Nano-Imidacloprid) each of them was supplemented in a box alone and in combination with citronella. Having three replicates and five concentrations (100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 ppm). Laboratory bioassay of these insecticides showed that chloropyrophos and nano chloropyrophos were the most toxic at their high dose (500 ppm) with LT50 of 120.98 and 122.02 followed by 132.14 and 136.5 minutes for Imidacloprid and Nano-Imidacloprid, respectively. No consumption occurred by bees to mixed sugar syrup with insecticides in all treatments when citronella was added. These data highly recommended that adding citronella is very effective when nicotinoid pesticides are used to longevity honeybee life and keep bee safe.

Resumo Foram realizados experimentos para investigar a citronela (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt) como repelente de abelhas Apis mellifera (L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) no Egito, conduzidos no laboratório do Departamento de Entomologia e Ciência de Pesticidas, da Faculdade de Agricultura, da Universidade do Cairo, e verificar a sobrevivência a longo prazo das abelhas quando expostas a diferentes nanoinseticidas isoladamente ou combinados com citronela na mesma caixa de exame para cada um. Neste estudo, usamos uma abordagem de modelagem em relação aos dados de sobrevivência de abelhas operárias enjauladas sob exposição crônica a quatro inseticidas (clorpirifós, nanoclorpirifós, imidacloprida e nanoimidacloprida), e cada um deles foi suplementado em uma caixa e em combinação com citronela, tendo três repetições e cinco concentrações (100, 200, 300, 400 e 500 ppm). O bioensaio em laboratório desses inseticidas mostrou que clorpirifós e nanoclorpirifós foram os mais tóxicos em altas doses (500 ppm) com LT50 de 120,98 e 122,02, seguidos por 132,14 e 136,5 minutos para imidacloprida e nanoimidacloprida, respectivamente. Não houve consumo pelas abelhas do xarope de açúcar misto com inseticidas em todos os tratamentos quando a citronela foi adicionada. Esses dados recomendam a adição de citronela, sendo muito eficaz quando pesticidas nicotinoides são utilizados para longevidade das abelhas e para mantê-las seguras.

Atividade in vitro de óleos essenciais de espécies de plantas da família lamiaceae sobre candida albicans / In vitro activity of essential oils from plant species of the Lamiaceae family on candida albicans

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar in vitro a atividade de cinco óleos essenciais de plantas da família Lamiaceae, muito conhecidas na culinária brasileira: Ocimum basilicum L, Origanum majorana L, Origanum vulgare L, Rosmarinus officinalis L e Salvia sclarea L, bem como os compostos químicos do óleo essencial com a menor concentração fungicida mínima sobre 16 isolados biológicos de Candida albicans. Determinar as concentrações fungicidas mínimas, o efeito dos óleos e dos compostos químicos em doses subinibitórias sobre a formação de tubo germinativo e a produção de franjas, nos isolados de C. albicans, antes e após contato com os diferentes óleos essenciais e os compostos químicos. Nesse estudo, todos os cinco óleos essenciais apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana sobre os isolados de C. albicans: O. vulgare apresentou CFM 90 de 1,5µg/mL, seguido pelos óleos essenciais de O. marajoana 2,6 µg/mL, S. sclarea 21,93µg/mL, R. officinalis 80,85µg/mL e O. basilicum 92,25 µg/mL. Nas doses sub inibitórias os óleos essenciais de O. vulgare, R. officinalis e S. sclarea inibiram em mais de 80% dos isolados de C. albicans a formação de tubo germinativo e alteraram a produção de franjas em mais de 70% dos isolados de C. albicans. O óleo essencial de O. vulgare foi o que apresentou a menor concentração fungicida sobre os isolados de C. albicans. O composto químico carvacrol do óleo essencial de O. vulgare foi o que apresentou a menor concentração fungicida sobre os isolados de C. albicans e a menor CFM90 0,69 µg/mL. Com excessão do p-cinemo todos os compostos químicos do óleo essencial de O. vulgare inibiram a formação de tubo germinativo e inibiram a produção de franja. Pelo exposto e nas condições desse estudo, conclui-se que o óleo essencial de O. vulgare e o composto químico carvacrol apresentaram a menor concentração fungicida sobre os isolados biológicos de C. albicans.

Textual research of Schizonepetae Herba and Schizonepetae Spica / 中国中药杂志

Schizonepetae Herba and Schizonepetae Spica are well-known Chinese herbal medicines for wind dispersing and exterior releasing. Through textual research on Schizonepetae Herba and Schizonepetae Spica, the discrimination of their medicinal parts in history was clarified, and the processing, the property(nature and flavor), meridian tropism, functions, indications, usage, dosage, and the selection of decoction pieces were compared to provide the basis for clinical application. As a result, the whole herb of Schizonepeta tenuifolia was used as medicine in the early records. The aerial part and the dried spike of S. tenuifolia were used as medicines separately in the Song Dynasty, which was recorded in the Atlas of Materia Medica(Ben Cao Tu Jing). Some ancient classics emphasized that only the dried spike could be used as medicine. The separation of Schizonepetae Herba and Schizonepetae Spica meets the different needs of clinical medication and supports the concept of rational development and utilization of Chinese medicine resources. About ten processing methods for Schizonepetae Herba and Schizonepetae Spica have been recorded since ancient times, and raw and charred drugs were the major products. Raw Schizonepetae Herba is required to be used in sections, whereas raw Schizonepetae Spica in clean preparation. Both charred products should avoid scorching. Schizonepetae Herba and Schizonepetae Spica are similar in the property(pungent, bitter, and warm), meridian tropism(lung and liver meridians, as well as qi and blood aspects), and functions(releasing exterior, dispersing wind, regulating and stopping blood, promoting eruption, dispelling sores, promoting digestion, eliminating alcohol effect, etc.), but Schizonepetae Spica is superior in efficacy. For Schizonepetae Herba and Schizonepetae Spica in traditional Chinese medicinal prescriptions, the raw and charred products are similar in usage and dosage, while their focuses in clinical compatibility vary. The raw and charred products of Schizonepetae Herba and Schizonepetae Spica are widely applied clinically. Decoction pieces of different specifications can result in different efficacies and clinical applications, so medication should be performed with caution.

Two newly recorded species of plants in Jiangxi province / 中国中药杂志

Based on the investigation of wild medicinal plant resources in Dexing city, Jiangxi province, and the collected plant specimens, which were identified by taxonomy, two new record species of geographical distribution were found, which are Meehania zheminensis A. Takano, Pan Li & G.-H. Xia and Corydalis huangshanensis L.Q.Huang & H.S.Peng. The voucher specimens are kept in Dexing museum of traditional Chinese medicine. In this paper, the new distribution species were reported, which provides valuable information for further enriching and supplementing the species diversity of medicinal plant resources in Jiangxi province.

Toxicity of the essential oil of basil cultivars and hybrids and its repellent effect on stored grain pests / Toxicidade do óleo essencial de cultivares e híbridos de manjericão e seu efeito repelente sobre pragas de grãos armazenados

Essential oils have emerged as an alternative to synthetic insecticides in the control of stored grain pests. The toxicity and repellency of the essential oils of four basil cultivars and three basil hybrids and the monoterpenes linalool, citral, and (E)-methyl cinnamate were evaluated in the stored grain pests Callosobruchus maculatus and Sitophillus zeamais. The essential oils of the cultivar Genovese and the hybrid 'Genovese' x 'Maria Bonita' were more toxic to C. maculatus. Conversely, the essential oils of the cultivar Sweet Dani and the hybrid 'Cinnamom' x 'Maria Bonita' were more toxic to S. zeamais. Among the monoterpenes, (E)-methyl cinnamate was the most toxic to both pests, taking 0.14 and 0.34 µ L.mL-1 to kill 50% of the C. maculatus and S. zeamais populations, respectively. All essential oils from cultivars, hybrids, and monoterpenes were repellent to S. zeamais, except for (E)-methyl cinnamate. For C. maculatus, this effect was lower, being citral the most repellent compound. Results demonstrate the insecticidal potential of the essential oil of O. basilicum and its monoterpenes in the control of stored grain pests.

Os óleos essenciais surgem como alternativa aos inseticidas sintéticos no controle das pragas de grãos armazenados. A toxicidade e a repelência dos óleos essenciais de quatro cultivares e três híbridos de manjericão e dos monoterpenos linalol, citral e (E)-cinamato de metila foram avaliadas nas pragas de grãos armazenados Callosobruchus maculatus e Sitophillus zeamais. Os óleos essenciais da cultivar Genovese e do híbrido 'Genovese' x 'Maria Bonita' foram mais tóxicos para C. maculatus. Já para S. zeamais, os óleos essenciais das cultivar Sweet Dani e do híbrido 'Cinnamom' x 'Maria Bonita' apresentaram maior toxicidade. Dentre os monoterpenos, o (E)-cinamato de metila foi o mais tóxico para ambas as pragas. Foram necessários 0,14 e 0,34 µ L.mL-1 para matar 50% da população de C. maculatus e S. zeamais. Todos os óleos essenciais das cultivares, dos híbridos e dos monoterpenos foram repelentes a S. zeamais, com exceção do (E)-cinamato de metila. Já para C. maculatus, este efeito foi reduzido, sendo o citral o composto mais repelente. Nos resultados demonstram o potencial inseticida dos óleos essenciais de O. basilicum e seus monoterpenos para o controle de pragas de grãos armazenados.

Clinopodium mexicanum: potential and difficulties for the sustainable use of a Mexican medicinal plant / Clinopodium mexicanum: potencial y dificultades para el uso de una planta medicinal mexicana

Clinopodium mexicanum (Benth.) Govaerts (Lamiaceae) is a native plant of Mexico. This plant is used in traditional Mexican medicine for the treatment of cultural specific syndromes such as "susto", "nervios" or "espanto", conditions related to anxiety and depression. In addition, it has a high biocultural value for its medicinal and culinary use and for its exchange value in various indigenous areas of México. This review aims to compile updated information about the ethnobotanical, phytochemistry and commercialization aspects of Clinopodium mexicanum, and it focuses on the potential use of this species as a raw material in the phytopharmaceutical industry for the treatment of anxiety and pain. Moreover, it would be a viable productive alternative for many rural communities, which could not only produce the raw material but who could also add value to the sale of the plant.

Clinopodium mexicanum (Benth.) Govaerts, es una planta nativa de México. Es usada en la medicina tradicional mexicana para tratar síndromes de filiación cultural como "susto", "nervios" o "espanto", los cuales están asociados a la ansiedad y depresión. Además, la planta presenta un alto valor biocultural por sus usos: medicinal, culinario y por el valor de cambio que tiene en áreas indígenas de México. La revisión presentada tiene como objetivo compilar información actualizada sobre aspectos etnobotánicos, fitoquímicos y comercialización de Clinopodium mexicanum. Igualmente señalar el potencial uso de esta especie como materia prima para la elaboración de productos para la ansiedad y el dolor por parte de la industria fitofarmacéutica. Además de ser una alternativa productiva para muchas comunidades rurales, las cuales pueden venderla como materia prima o como producto derivado.

Valor de uso etnomedicinal de la flora del Cerro "La Botica" empleada por la Comunidad Andina de Cachicadán - Perú / Ethnomedicinal use value of the flora of the Hill "La Botica" used by the Andean Community of Cachicadán - Perú

La presente investigación se avocó a determinar el valor de uso etnomedicinal dado a la flora del Cerro "La Botica", por la Comunidad Andina de Cachicadán, Santiago de Chuco, Perú. Se aplicaron 96 entrevistas semiestructuradas, siguiendo la técnica "bola de nieve". Se realizaron colectas mediante exploraciones botánicas. Para cada una de las especies se detallaron los datos de familia, nombre científico y común, parte utilizada, enfermedad o dolencia tratada, ubicación en UTM e índice de valor de uso (IVU). Se reportan 48 especies empleadas etnomedicinalmente por la Comunidad Andina de Cachicadán, distribuidas en 46 géneros y 26 familias, de las que destacan por su número de especies: Asteraceae (10), Rosaceae (5) y Lamiaceae (3). De estas, el 72 % (35 especies) resultan muy importantes para la cura o tratamiento de sus enfermedades, según su valor de uso (IVU). Además los pobladores de la Comunidad Andina de Cachicadán, refieren padecer de 38 enfermedades o dolencias; agrupadas en 10 categorías, donde prevalecen, las de los sistemas: respiratorio (FCI=0.88), digestivo y gastrointestinal (FCI=0.85), reproductivo (FCI=0.84), urinario (FCI= 0.84), nervioso (FCI=0.83), Músculo-esquelético (FCI=0.82), cardiovascular (FCI=0.82) y rituales (FCI=0.81).

The present investigation was aimed at determining the value of ethnomedicinal use that is given to the flora of the Hill "La Botica", by the Andean Community of Cachicadán, Santiago de Chuco, Perú. 96 semi-structured interviews were applied, following the "snowball" technique. Collections were made by botanical explorations.For each of the species, family data, scientific and common name, part used, disease or disease treated, location in UTM and use value index (IVU) were detailed. 48 species of flora are used ethnobotanically by the Andean Community of Cachicadán, distributed in 46 genera and 26 families, of which they stand out for their number of species: Asteraceae (10), Rosaceae (5) and Lamiaceae (3). Of these, 72% (35 species) are very important for the cure or treatment of their diseases, according to their use value (IVU). In addition the inhabitants of the Andean Community of Cachicadán, report suffering from 38 diseases or ailments; grouped into 10 categories, where they prevail, those of the systems: respiratory (FCI = 0.88), digestive and gastrointestinal (FCI = 0.85), reproductive (FCI = 0.84), urinary (FCI = 0.84), nervous (FCI = 0.83), Musculoskeletal (FCI = 0.82), cardiovascular (FCI = 0.82) and rituals (FCI = 0.81).

El conocimiento botánico local en áreas urbanas del norte de Uruguay / Local botanical knowledge in urban areas of northern Uruguay

Este trabajo rescata el acervo etnobotánico de la región más septentrional de Uruguay. En este país la etnobotánica, ha tenido poco desarrollo, siendo escasos los estudios y publicaciones científicas. El área de estudio comprende los departamentos de: Artigas, Rivera, Tacuarembó y Cerro Largo. Por medio de un muestreo aleatorio fueron entrevistadas 315 personas. Entre otras variables, los datos obtenidos se refieren a los usos especiales de las plantas. La información fue procesada en planilla de cálculo y listada por medio de técnicas de estadística descriptiva. Se identificaron 134 especies utilizadas, distribuidas en 57 familias botánicas. Las familias de mayor frecuencia fueron: Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, Apiaceae y Fabaceae. La medicina convencional es complementada con plantas cultivadas que presentan aplicaciones medicinales. Fueron reportadas nueve formas de usos, la infusión mostró ser la práctica más utilizada. El conocimiento relativo a las propiedades de las plantas proviene de personas de mayor edad y se trasmite por tradición oral. La metodología puede ser replicada a otras zonas del país.

This work rescues the ethnobotanical heritage of the northernmost region of Uruguay. In this country, ethnobotany has had little development, with scarce studies and scientific publications. The study area includes the departments of: Artigas, Rivera, Tacuarembó and Cerro Largo. Through random sampling, 315 people were interviewed. Among other variables, the data obtained refer to the special uses of the plants. The information was processed in the spreadsheet and listed by means of descriptive statistics techniques. 134 species used were identified, distributed in 57 botanical families. The most frequent families were: Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, Apiaceae and Fabaceae. Conventional medicine is complemented with cultivated plants that have medicinal applications. Nine forms of uses were reported, the infusion proved to be the most used practice. The knowledge related to the properties of plants comes from older people and is transmitted by oral tradition. The methodology can be replicated to other areas of the country.

Propuesta de compuestos fenólicos presentes en el extracto metanólico de hojas de Clinopodium pulchellum (Kunth) Govaerts "panisara" / Characterization of phenolic compounds of the metallolic extract of leaves of clinopodium pulchellum (kunth) govaerts «panisara¼

Objetivos. Proponer compuestos fenólicos presentes en el extracto metanólico de hojas de Clinopodium pulchellum (Kunth) Govaerts «panisara¼. Materiales y métodos. Se preparó un extracto metanólico de las hojas de Clinopodium pulchellum (Kunth) Govaerts «panisara¼, se determinó la solubilidad por disolución de extracto en solventes de polaridad creciente. Se detectaron algunos componentes químicos mediante un screening fitoquímico empleando gelatina, tricloruro férrico, reacción de Mayer, reacción de Shinoda, entre otros. Se realizó cromatografía en capa fina, revelándose por aspersión con reactivos cromogénicos y se propone posibles estructuras de componentes mediante espectroscopía UV. Resultados. El extracto metanólico presentó buena solubilidad en solventes de alta y mediana polaridad. El screening fitoquímico dio resultados positivos para la presencia de compuestos fenólicos y compuestos nitrogenados: flavonoides, alcaloides y glicósidos. Conclusión. Se propuso la estructura química de tres flavonoides obtenidos del extracto metanólico de hojas de Clinopodium pulchellum (Kunth) Govaerts «panisara¼.

Objectives. Propose phenolic compounds present in the methanolic extract of Clinopodium pulchellum (Kunth) Govaerts "panisara" leaves. Materials and methods. A methanolic extract of the Clinopodium pulchellum (Kunth) Govaerts "panisara" leaves was prepared by maceration, the solubility was determined by dissolving the extract in solvents of increasing polarity. Some chemical components were detected by phytochemical screening using gelatin, ferric trichloride, Mayer reaction, Shinoda reaction, among others. Thin layer chromatography was performed, revealing by spray with chromogenic reagents and possible component structures by UV spectroscopy. Results. The methanolic extract showed good solubility in solvents of high and medium polarity. Phytochemical screening gave positive results for the presence of phenolic compounds and nitrogen compounds: flavonoids, alkaloids and glycosides. Conclusion. The chemical structure of three flavonoids obtained from the methanolic leaf extract of Clinopodium pulchellum (Kunth) Govaerts "panisara" was proposed.

Poejo (Cunila galioides Benth. ) Production in Five Agroecological Regions of Rio Grande do Sul

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the biomass and essential oil production of nine populations of poejo (Cunila galioides) cultivated in five agroecological regions of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, under different edaphoclimatic conditions. The experiments were performed in field conditions in Erechim, Caxias do Sul, Pelotas, São Francisco de Paula, and Santa Vitoria do Palmar. The experimental design was completely randomized, with nine populations, eight plants per plot and four repetitions. The following were evaluated: biomass production and essential oil chemical composition and yield. The data underwent ANOVA, followed by Tukey's multiple range test. The adaptability and stability of the populations in the different environments were also evaluated by regression analysis. The results showed great differences between the populations and cultivation sites, with genotype vs. environment interaction. Most populations presented the best biomass production results at Erechim. Pelotas and Santa Vitória do Palmar were the worst locations for poejo production, mainly due to a water deficit occurred during the experiment. The Santa Lucia population presented broad stability and the greatest adaptability to the environments for biomass and essential oil production, but its average production was not satisfactory. The André da Rocha population presented the highest average production of essential oil, and was favored in favorable environments. Regarding essential oil chemical composition, the populations kept stable contents of the major compounds at all locations, with a few variations. In some populations, a higher concentration of sesquiterpenes was observed, which can be attributed to environmental stress.